Our coal-based energy sector is under tremendous pressure due to the increased demand for electricity brought on by the expansion of urban areas and the modernization of rural areas at the same time. In a nation where land is fiercely contested, alternative sources like hydropower or wind seem to have limited potential for large scale electricity generation while conventional power plants are creaking under the strain. Poor planning can result in environmental and social costs for some 'green' energy sources, as was the case with the Western Ghats' wind farms and tiny hydroelectric projects. Additionally, ineffective transmission networks result in significant losses of limited power.

Perhaps decentralised, small scale energy systems hold the key to the solution. Urban, semi-urban, and rural centres can be planned to have their own grids based on a range of local power sources in decentralised models. Transmission losses can be reduced by shorter powerlines. Buildings can be made more energy efficient by modifying how they are used, and by incorporating solar power generation into building design, both rural and urban residences can become self-sufficient.

Smarter cities should be developed with work residential complexes that minimise daily travel in order to further reduce the usage of fossil fuels. By encouraging more city people to use this mode of transportation, public transportation will help relieve traffic congestion and reduce pollution. The fact that energy serves as the main node connecting various facets of a country's development is perhaps a plus. Therefore, an effective plan for energy efficiency can address a variety of other issues brought on by economic growth, such as those involving wildlife and the environment. Collective wisdom can aid in the planning of a sustainable future for India. The procedures we put in place now will determine whether India uses its natural resources wisely and leaves a better environment for future generations to live in.